11.Warships+and+submarines

By Nathan Hanson


**Introduction ****: ** Warships and submarines were critical assets in WW1 and Operation Iraqi Freedom. In WW1 the “superdreadnought” warships were faster, could fire from further away and had heavier armament to protect itself then any ship before it. (ABC-CLIO) In Operation Iraqi Freedom ships were used to launch missiles and airplanes. They also transported troops and were used as a hospital. They did not see any combat. (World Socialist) Submarines , called  “ German   U-boat”  achieved   great  successes   against British warships; but  because   of unrestricted U-boat  warfare  <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">against merchant ships the U.S. declared war and the Germans couldn’t keep up with U.S. manufacturing of new ships. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> (Encyclopedia <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> Britannica) Submarines in Operation Iraqi Freedom were used to launch guided missiles and were not threatened by the Iraqi’s. (Global Security)

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Issue #1: ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">What Warships and Submarines were used in WW1 and Operation Iraqi Freedom and what impact did they have? ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -1in;">

<span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">In WW1 the superdreadnought warships featured all big gun armaments, heavy armor, and steam turbine-driven engines. <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Originally a type of large and powerful armoured cruiser designed for similar roles - trade protection, scouting, support the <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">battle-line. As large as battleships and with a similar main armament, fewer guns, they had much weaker armour but high <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">speed. As time went on they became more like fast battleships and less like large cruisers. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

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<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 0in; tabstops: 0in;">A U-boat is a torpedo-equipped ﻿submarine built by the Germans during World War 1. (ABC-CLIO) <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Germany was the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> first  country <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">to use  submarines <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> in  war <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">for  surface commerce raids. In the first part of WW1 the U-boats did very well. When they decided to have unrestricted U-boat warfare the U.S. entered the war and was able to out build the number of ships the U-boats were sinking. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

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<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 0in; tabstops: 0in;">Submarine USS New Mexico SSN 779 is 377ft long so she would stick out 8.5ft past each goal post if she were centered across the field. The //Virginia// class (or SSN-774 class) of attack submairine are U.S. submarines designed for a broad range of open-ocean and close to shore missions. It has a pair of telescoping photonics masts located outside the pressure hull In Operation Iraqi Freedom the sub gave support in the Arabian Gulf. (USSNEW MEXICO)

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<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 0in; tabstops: 0in;">USS Theodore Roosevelt “Nimitz-class aircraft carrier” began launching air strikes into Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. It is slightly more the three football fields long (1,092 FT) and is propelled by two nuclear reactors and can go 30 + knots (35 + mph).

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Issue #2: Weapons used on ships in WW1 and Operation Iraqi Freedom and their impact**

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">In WW1 the superdreadnought ships were armed with all big guns; the ten, 12-pound main armament guns gave them an advantage in firepower and control; they could fire from further away <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">From the late 19th century through <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">World War 1 <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">, the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">greatest  <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> driving force in warship development was the  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">rivalry  <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> between the big gun and the torpedo. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Improvements <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> in these weapons had immense influence  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">on the  <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> design and use of surface warships, from the  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">huge dreadnought battleships  <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;"> to the small torpedo  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">boat  <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">.



<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 0in; tabstops: 0in;">In Operation Iraqi Freedom the aircraft carriers were used for round-the-clock bombardment of Baghdad and other Iraqi cities. Tomahawk cruise missles were fired and aircraft took off from their decks. Three military cargo ships carried tanks, helicopters and other heavy equipment on their seven decks. The U.S. ships were never fired upon by the Iraqi’s. (Navy News Service)

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Issue #3: ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Battles involving water travel ** <span style="color: #2d3835; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">

<span style="color: #2d3835; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">A German battleship fires a broadside at the British during the Battle of Jutland in 1916. The Battle of Jutland was the only meeting between the British and German battle fleets during World War I. The British lost 14 ships: three battlecruisers, three cruisers, and eight destroyers. The Germans lost 11 ships: one battlecruiser, one pre-dreadnought battleship, four cruisers, and five destroyers. British deaths outnumbered German ones by two to one. Although the Germans could claim victory, Jutland failed to change the naval balance. The High Seas Fleet spent nearly all the rest of the war in harbor.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 0in; tabstops: 0in;">Most of Iraq’s Navy was destroyed during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003, and all remaining equipment was discared right after the war. None of the ships taken over during Saddam’s time remained in service. (Global Security)

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">**Conclusion :**

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">War has changed since WW1; with each war that is fought new technology is used to improve the ability of each side to cause damage to the other. In WW1 improvements in speed, distance to shoot from and armament of the dreadnought made them harder to hit and destroy. This and the development of the antisubmarine rendered the German subs almost ineffective. In the Iraq war the US ships and submarines had much better accuracy in hitting their land targets to eliminate the threat on the land, only then did they send in ground troops on enemy lines. In WWI the ships were not as accurate as they are today. Ground troops were sent in no matter what danger awaited them. In WWI millions died because the ground troops were not always able to survive an sneak attack on land. With today’s technology many less lives were lost, but any loss is considered major!

Works Cited:
<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Schnakenberg, Ulrich. "Dreadnought." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2011.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Cole, William. "Hawai'i Submarines Play Key Role in War with Iraq." //GlobalSecurity.org - Reliable Security Information//. GlobalSecurity.org, 2003. Web. 23 Feb. 2011.

//<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">WorldLingo //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">. WorldLingo. Web. 23 Feb. 2011.

//<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Commander, Submarine Force U.S. Pacific Fleet | Official Military Website //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">. U.S. Navy. Web. 23 Feb. 2011.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">"Submarine Warriors Return From Operation Iraq Freedom." //The U.S. Navy//. Underseawarfare, 2003. Web. 23 Feb. 2011.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">"Georg-Gunther von Forstner: a German U-boat commander‘s journal (1917)." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 25 Feb. 2011.

<span style="color: #2d3835; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">"Battle of Jutland." Image. //History of the World War,// 1919. //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2011.

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<span style="color: #2d3835; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">"German U-boat." Image. National Archives. //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2011.

<span style="color: #2d3835; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">"U-boat." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2011.

<span style="color: #2d3835; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">"//Lusitania//." Image. Library of Congress. //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2011.

<span style="color: #2d3835; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">"Battle of Jutland." Image. //History of the World War,// 1919. //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2011.

<span style="color: #2d3835; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Watts, Tim. "Battle of Jutland." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2011.

<span style="color: #2d3835; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Schnakenberg, Ulrich. "//Dreadnought//." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2011

<span style="color: #2d3835; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">"//Lusitania// sinking." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2011

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